Alpha & Alpha- cities are cities that link major economic regions into the world economy.Alpha+ cities complement London and New York by filling advanced service niches for the global economy.Alpha++ cities are New York City and London, which are vastly more integrated with the global economy than any other city.The following is a general guide to the rankings: The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of " Alpha" world cities (with four sub-categories), " Beta" world cities (three sub-categories), " Gamma" world cities (three sub-categories) and additional cities with "High sufficiency" or "Sufficiency" presence. The 2004 rankings acknowledged several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks. A roster of world cities was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law. Together, Beaverstock, Smith and Taylor established the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Further by academic researchers like Ronald Daus in Germany (Free University of Berlin), who focused on «extra-European cities, predominantly in the Southern hemisphere». Taylor, who all worked at the time at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom. The first attempt to define, categorize and rank global cities using relational data was made in 1998 by Jon Beaverstock, Richard G.
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